systems engineering process

the process of planning, designing, creating, testing, and operating complex systems. Systems engineering can be viewed as a continuous cycle, aimed at developing alternative strategies for effective systems utilization. It is concerned with the definition, planning, and deployment of future systems.

1) техника

2) технология

3) разработка; проектирование; конструирование

4) машиностроение

5) строительство

1) техника; технология; инженерия

2) проектирование; разработка; конструирование

•

- assembly/test quality and reliability engineering

- basic IC engineering

- integrated computer-aided software engineering

- knowledge engineering

- plastic package engineering

- process control engineering

1) техника; технология; инженерия

2) проектирование; разработка; конструирование

•

- assembly/test quality and reliability engineering

1) техника || технический

2) машиностроение || машиностроительный

3) конструирование; проектирование; разработка; проработка; инженерия || конструкторский; инженерный

4) прикладной (напр. о науке)

•

- advanced engineering

- atomic layer engineering

1) Компьютерная техника: Simple And Easy Programming, System Enhancement Package, signalling end point, spherical error probable, standart electronic package

2) Геология: Santa Elena Peninsula

3) Американизм: Some Evil Powers, Special Executive Protection

4) Военный термин: Signal Entry Panel, Soldier Enhancement Program, Somebody Else's Problem, Synthetic Environment Program, System Engineering Process, System Evaluation Plan, scientific and engineering personnel, scoring error of probability, special emphasis program, specific excess power, spherical error probability, standard electronics package, support equipment package, surrendered enemy personnel, systems effectiveness plan, systems engineering process, Selective Employment Plan (NATO)

5) Техника: Systematic Evaluation Program, safety enhancement program, self-elevating offshore platform, site emergency plan, solar electric propulsion, source evaluation panel, spacecraft electronics package, standby electric power

6) Шутливое выражение: Stop Eating Poop

7) Математика: Strong Error Percentage

8) Юридический термин: Separated

9) Астрономия: Solar Energetic Particle

10) Грубое выражение: Separated, not yet divorced

11) Телевидение: separator

12) Сокращение: September, Single-Event Phenomenon, Societe Europeenne de Propulsion (France), Soldier Enhancement Plan (USA), System Enhancement Package (Abrams main battle tank system), System Enhancement Package/Program (US DoD), System Enhancement Program, System Executive & Planning, star epitaxial planar, Sound Engineering Practice

13) Театр: Special Effects Performance

14) Университет: Science Exchange Program, Science Exchange Programme, Scientific Exchange Programme, Solve, Educate, And Prevent, Special Embassy Program, Student Educational Plan

15) Физиология: Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis

16) Электроника: Software engineering process

17) Вычислительная техника: Secure Electronic Transactions, Someone Else's Problem (DFUE-Slang, Usenet, IRC)

18) Нефть: self-elevating platform, самоподнимающаяся буровая платформа (self-elevating platform)

19) Иммунология: Salmonid Enhancement Program, Smallpox Eradication Program

20) Транспорт: Surface Extension Project

21) Воздухоплавание: Separation Parameter

22) Деловая лексика: Sector Expenditure Program, Simplified Employer Pension, Small Experimental Project, Standards Of Effective Practice, Strategic Excellence Position

23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: safety execution plan

24) Образование: Science Enrichment Preparation, Science Enrichment Program, Student Education Plan, Student Education Profile, Summer Enrichment Program, Supplementary Education Program

25) Сетевые технологии: Scalable Encryption Processor

26) Авиационная медицина: somatosensory evoked potential

27) Макаров: stimulated emission pumping

28) Безопасность: Single Entry Point

29) Расширение файла: Printer separator page

30) Автодорожное право: State Enforcement Plan, План штата по обеспечению выполнения требований безопасности

31) Должность: Simplified Employee Pension, Simplified Employee Plan, Surrogate Employer Programme

32) NYSE. Swedish Export CR Corporation

1) Компьютерная техника: Simple And Easy Programming, System Enhancement Package, signalling end point, spherical error probable, standart electronic package

2) Геология: Santa Elena Peninsula

3) Американизм: Some Evil Powers, Special Executive Protection

4) Военный термин: Signal Entry Panel, Soldier Enhancement Program, Somebody Else's Problem, Synthetic Environment Program, System Engineering Process, System Evaluation Plan, scientific and engineering personnel, scoring error of probability, special emphasis program, specific excess power, spherical error probability, standard electronics package, support equipment package, surrendered enemy personnel, systems effectiveness plan, systems engineering process, Selective Employment Plan (NATO)

5) Техника: Systematic Evaluation Program, safety enhancement program, self-elevating offshore platform, site emergency plan, solar electric propulsion, source evaluation panel, spacecraft electronics package, standby electric power

6) Шутливое выражение: Stop Eating Poop

7) Математика: Strong Error Percentage

8) Юридический термин: Separated

9) Астрономия: Solar Energetic Particle

10) Грубое выражение: Separated, not yet divorced

11) Телевидение: separator

12) Сокращение: September, Single-Event Phenomenon, Societe Europeenne de Propulsion (France), Soldier Enhancement Plan (USA), System Enhancement Package (Abrams main battle tank system), System Enhancement Package/Program (US DoD), System Enhancement Program, System Executive & Planning, star epitaxial planar, Sound Engineering Practice

13) Театр: Special Effects Performance

14) Университет: Science Exchange Program, Science Exchange Programme, Scientific Exchange Programme, Solve, Educate, And Prevent, Special Embassy Program, Student Educational Plan

15) Физиология: Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis

16) Электроника: Software engineering process

17) Вычислительная техника: Secure Electronic Transactions, Someone Else's Problem (DFUE-Slang, Usenet, IRC)

18) Нефть: self-elevating platform, самоподнимающаяся буровая платформа (self-elevating platform)

19) Иммунология: Salmonid Enhancement Program, Smallpox Eradication Program

20) Транспорт: Surface Extension Project

21) Воздухоплавание: Separation Parameter

22) Деловая лексика: Sector Expenditure Program, Simplified Employer Pension, Small Experimental Project, Standards Of Effective Practice, Strategic Excellence Position

23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: safety execution plan

24) Образование: Science Enrichment Preparation, Science Enrichment Program, Student Education Plan, Student Education Profile, Summer Enrichment Program, Supplementary Education Program

25) Сетевые технологии: Scalable Encryption Processor

26) Авиационная медицина: somatosensory evoked potential

27) Макаров: stimulated emission pumping

28) Безопасность: Single Entry Point

29) Расширение файла: Printer separator page

30) Автодорожное право: State Enforcement Plan, План штата по обеспечению выполнения требований безопасности

31) Должность: Simplified Employee Pension, Simplified Employee Plan, Surrogate Employer Programme

32) NYSE. Swedish Export CR Corporation

управление, регулирование, регулировать, управлять, управляющее воздействие, сигнал управления, контроль, контролировать, устройство управления, управляющее устройство, регулятор, средства управления

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

 

модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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[Интент]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

[ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

[ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?

If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.

Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.

Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
Мы все подвергаем сомнению

In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
Серийное производство дата центров

In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД

And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

Scalable
Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
Rapid deployment
De-mountable
Reduce TTM
Reduced construction
Sustainable measures

Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

Расширяемость;
Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
Быстрота развертывания;
Возможность демонтажа;
Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
Сокращение сроков строительства;
Экологичность;

Map applications to DC Class

We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.

Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

Тематики

• ЦОДы (центры обработки данных)

Синонимы

• модульный ЦОД

EN

• modular data center

1) система || системный

2) вычислительная система

3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор

4) система уравнений

5) вчт большая программа

6) метод; способ; алгоритм

•

- system for event evaluation and review

- system for interactive design

- system of demand equations

- system of units

- system on glass

- 2-2-4 system

- 4-2-4 system

- 4-4-4 system

- absolutely centralized computer system

- access control list system

- accounting system

- Accutrack 400 system

- action logic system

- action-translation system

- active array antenna system

- active night-vision system

- activity-based costing system

- adaptive control system

- adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

- ADE system

- adjoint system

- aerial system

- aerospace support system

- AEW system

- AGS system

- airborne early-warning system

- airborne warning and control system

- airborne weather radar system

- aircraft collision avoidance system

- airfield communication system

- air-traffic control system

- air-traffic control radar-beacon system

- airways environmental radar information system

- alignment-and-exposure system

- all-weather guidance system

- all-weather landing system

- alpha system

- alpha reinforcement system

- alternation-product block-cipher system

- analog protection system

- Andrew file system

- antenna-ground system

- antishock system

- antiskip system

- applet file system

- application control and management system

- application development system

- Armstrong frequency-modulation system

- ASR system

- asymmetric cryptographic system

- asynchronous address communication system

- asynchronous-multiplex system

- ATC system

- attached processor system

- attended system

- A-type Dolby system

- A-type professional Dolby system

- audio system

- audio noise-reduction Dolby system

- audiovisual system

- author system

- authoring system

- automated design engineering system

- automated vision system

- automatic coding system

- automatic computer-controlled electronic scanning system

- automatic control system

- automatic data processing system

- automatic degaussing system

- automatic degaussing control system

- automatic digital encoding system

- automatic gain stabilization system

- automatic intercept system

- automatic noise-reduction system

- automatic program search system

- automatic programmable logic array synthesis system

- automatic radio direction-finding system

- automatic speech-recognition system

- automatic stabilization and control system

- automatic tape calibration system

- automatic-telephone system

- automatic test system

- automatic tuning system

- automatic vacuum deposition system

- automobile navigation system

- autonomous system

- avionics system

- aware system

- balance-line system

- ballistic-missile early-warning system

- band-limited system

- bandwidth compression system

- BAR system

- bare-bones system

- base station system

- baseband radar system

- basic input/output system

- batch-processing system

- Batten system

- BCF system

- beam-current feedback system

- beam-forming system

- beam-guidance system

- beam-rider control system

- beep-only system

- beep-plus-voice system

- billing system

- binary system

- binary number system

- bit-serial system

- blind approach beacon system

- bridge duplex system

- broadcast television system

- B-type Dolby system

- B-type simplified Dolby system

- building-block CAD system

- built-in expert system

- bus system

- business information system

- cable distribution system

- cable modem termination system

- CACE system

- CAD system

- CADIC system

- CAE system

- call queuing system

- calorimeter system

- carrier system

- carrier-communication system

- carrier-telegraph system

- case-based expert system

- CATV system

- CD-4 system

- celestial coordinate system

- celestial guidance system

- cellular radio system

- central-battery system

- central-control system

- central nervous system

- centralized automatic trouble-location system

- centralized computer system

- CF system

- CGS system

- CGS electromagnetic system

- CGS electrostatic system

- chaff communication system

- Chain Home radar system

- chain rdr system

- chaotic system

- chirp radar system

- CH radar system

- ciphertext autokey system

- Civis system

- classifier system

- closed bus system

- closed-circuit television system

- closed-cycle control system

- closed-loop control system

- closed-loop servo system

- cloud and collision warning system

- clutter rejection system

- CMY system

- CMYK system

- coarse-fine system

- code addressed system

- coherent carriers system

- coherent spread-spectrum system

- collision avoidance system

- color management system

- COM system

- command system

- command and control system

- command-driven system

- command guidance system

- command-line operating system

- common system

- common carrier system

- common Internet file system

- common timing system

- communication system

- communications and tracking system

- communications switching system

- community antenna television system

- compact-disk file system

- compatible color television system

- compatible single-sideband system

- compatible stereo system

- compatible stereo-quadraphonic record system

- compatible time-sharing system

- complete residue system

- complex system

- composite guidance system

- compound interferometer system

- computer system

- computer-aided control engineering system

- computer-aided design and test system

- computer-aided engineering system

- computer-aided IC design system

- computer-aided retrieval system

- computer-aided voice wiring system

- computer-assisted radar display system

- computer-augmented oscilloscope system

- computer-based expert system

- computer-based photoelectric-counting system

- computer-controlled system

- computer-controlled electron-beam system

- computer-controlled recording system

- computer output microfilm system

- computer process control system

- computer vision system

- computing system

- configurable system

- configurable business system

- connected-speech recognition system

- connectionist system

- conservative system

- constant-frequency variable-dot system

- content scrambling system

- continuous presence system

- continuous-wave tracking system

- control system

- conversational system

- conversational program system

- Cook system

- cooling system

- cooperative system

- coordinate system

- copy generation management system

- correlated orientation tracking and range system

- correlation tracking system

- correlation tracking and triangulation system

- cotar system

- cotat system

- countermeasure system

- CPsystem

- crossband system

- crossbar system

- cross-development system

- crossed-coincident microphone system

- cryptographic system

- crystal system

- CSR system

- C-type Dolby system

- cubic crystal system

- current awareness system

- customer information control system

- data system

- data-acquisition system

- data-banking system

- database management system

- database management system for workgroups

- data-collection system

- data collection and reduction system

- data communication system

- data-compression system

- data-gathering system

- data-handling system

- data management system

- data-processing system

- data reduction system

- data-retrieval system

- data-transmission system

- dc diode sputtering system

- dc self-synchronous system

- dc triode sputter deposition system

- DDC system

- decentralized computer system

- decimal system

- decimal number system

- decision support system

- dedicated system

- deep submicron system

- defense message system

- descriptor-based protection system

- DEW system

- df antenna system

- diagnostic information system

- dial telephone switching system

- differential duplex system

- differential global positioning system

- Diffie-Hellman system

- digital system

- digital access and cross-connect system

- digital cellular system

- digital cellular system 1800 MHz

- digital data-handling system

- digital link management system

- digital private network signaling system

- Digital Research disk operating system

- digital switching system

- digital television system

- digital voice communication system

- direct-challenge system

- direct-dialing telephone system

- direct-digital control system

- direct-feedback system

- direct program search system

- direction-finder antenna system

- directory assistance system

- direct-sequence system

- direct-spread system

- disaster tolerant disk system

- discrete-address beacon system

- discrete-addressed beacon system

- discrete dynamic system

- discrete-parameter system

- discrete sound system

- discriminating-call system

- discriminating-ring system

- disk operating system

- disperse system

- display system

- dissipative system

- distant early-warning system

- distributed system

- distributed control system

- distributed data base management system

- distributed file system

- distributed information processing system

- distributed-parameter system

- distributed-processing system

- distributed software system

- document preparation system

- document viewing system

- Dolby system

- Dolby A system

- Dolby AC-3 system

- Dolby B system

- Dolby C system

- Dolby Digital system

- Dolby Headroom Extension Pro system

- Dolby HX Pro system

- Dolby Noise Reduction system

- Dolby NR system

- Dolby S system

- Dolby Spectral system

- Dolby Surround system

- Dolby Surround Pro-Logic system

- domain name system

- domestic satellite communication system

- Doppler inertial system

- dot-sequential system

- dot-sequential color-television system

- double capstan system

- dp system

- DS system

- dual fail-safe system

- duplex system

- duplicated system

- dynamic system

- early-warning system

- Earth-satellite-Earth communication system

- Edison power distribution system

- educational expert system

- effective technical and human implementation of computer-based systems

- eight-track cartridge system

- electromechanically driven projection system

- electron beam deflection system

- electron-beam exposure system

- electronic countermeasures system

- electronic data-processing system

- electronic document management system

- electronic funds transfer system

- electronic guidance system

- electronic identification system

- electronic mail system

- electronic meeting system

- electronic performance support system

- electronic-scanning system

- electronic scanning radar system

- electronic switching system

- electronic tracking system

- electron-optical system

- electrooptic light-modulation system

- e-mail system

- embedded system

- emergent system

- end system

- enhanced digital access communications system

- enhanced total access communication system

- enterprise system

- enterprise network management system

- entry-level system

- EOLM system

- equatorial satellite communication system

- equatorial-orbit satellite communication system

- equilibrium system

- equivalent four-wire system

- error-correcting reinforcement system

- error-correcting telegraph system

- error-detecting and feedback system

- European communications satellite system

- European fixed service satellite system

- European radio messaging system

- Eurovision system

- evolutionary stable system

- executive system

- executive information system

- expert system

- extended file system-2

- extra bass system

- extraterrestrial reconnaissance system

- Fabry-Perot mirror system

- facsimile system

- fail-safe system

- fail-soft system

- failure resistant disk system

- failure tolerant disk system

- FAT16 file system

- FAT32 file system

- fault resilient system

- FDM system

- FEC system

- federated system

- feed system

- feedback-control system

- feed-forward system

- fiber-optics system

- fiber optics transmission system

- field system

- field-sequential system

- field-sequential color television system

- field skip system

- file system

- file-control system

- file-oriented system

- film-based projection system

- financial expert system

- first generation wireless system

- fixed-point system

- fixer system

- flat file system

- flexible manufacturing system

- floating-point system

- forced-air cooling system

- forward error control system

- forward-loop system

- four-channel sound system

- four-level system

- fractal information system

- frame-alignment system

- freeway surveillance and control system

- frequency-carrier system

- frequency-division multiplex system

- frequency-hopping system

- frequency-reuse satellite system

- fuel-cell system

- full field system

- future public land mobile telephone system

- fuzzy system

- fuzzy control system

- fuzzy expert system

- fuzzy logic expert system

- 3Gwireless system

- gamma system

- gamma reinforcement system

- gate-array CAD system

- Gauss system

- generalized information system

- general-purpose display system

- geographical information system

- geolocation system

- Giorgi system

- global system

- global system for mobile communication

- global communication system

- global navigation satellite system

- global positioning system

- global telecommunication system

- global time-synchronization system

- graphical kernel system

- ground system

- ground-based scanning antenna system

- ground-control system

- ground-controlled approach system

- ground electrooptical deep-space surveillance system

- ground guidance system

- ground information processing system

- ground instrumentation system

- ground proximity warning system

- group decision support system

- group support system

- guidance system

- H-system

- h-system

- Hamiltonian system

- hard system

- hardware system

- Hartree system

- heat-seeking system

- helium refrigeration system

- heterogeneous agent system

- heuristic-based expert system

- hexagonal crystal system

- hierarchical database management system

- hierarchical file system

- hierarchical recognition system

- high-accuracy data transmission system

- high-density modem system

- high performance file system

- highway system

- HLS system

- holographic ice surveying system

- holographic recording and readout system

- home audio system

- homer system

- homing system

- horn-lens system

- host-based system

- HSB system

- HSV system

- hung system

- hybrid computer system

- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system

- hyperbolic guidance system

- hyperbolic navigation system

- hyperbolic radar system

- hypertext authoring systems

- identification system

- image-forming system

- image information system

- image-processing system

- independent system

- inertial system

- inertial control system

- inertial instrument system

- inertial navigation system

- inertial space reference system

- infinite-dimensional system

- infinitely-fast control system

- information system

- information and control system

- information exchange system

- information-feedback system

- information management system

- information-retrieval system

- infrared heat-seeking system

- infrared search track system

- input/output control system

- inquiry and communications system

- installable file system

- instant program locating system

- instrument-landing system

- insulation system

- integrated antenna system

- intelligence system

- intelligent knowledge-base system

- interactive system

- interactive application system

- interactive design system

- interactive graphics system

- interactive pattern analysis and classification system

- interactive software system

- interactive voice system

- intercarrier sound system

- inter-city telecommunications system

- intercommunication system

- interconnection system

- interference position monitoring system

- intermediate system

- intermediate system to intermediate system

- intermittent control system

- internetwork operating system

- inter-organization system

- interphone system

- interplanetary radar system

- interpretating system

- interrupt system

- Intervision system

- intranet-extranet system

- intrusion detection system

- inverted spin system

- ionoscatter system

- isolated-word recognition system

- isometric crystal system

- isotropic system

- iterated function system

- iterative product-cipher system

- Japanese cellular system

- Java operation system

- J-carrier system

- job entry system

- joint surveillance system

- joint tactical information distribution system

- Ksystem

- K-carrier system

- keyboard-to-disk system

- keyboard-to-tape system

- knowledge system

- knowledge base system

- knowledge-based system

- knowledge-based decision support system

- knowledge-based management system

- Kolmogorov system

- Lsystem

- L*a*b* system

- laminar navigation anticollision system

- laminar air navigation anticollision system

- land mobile radio system

- laser communication system

- laser-deflection system

- laser inertial navigation system

- laser tracking system

- lasing system

- L-carrier system

- LCH system

- learning control system

- left-handed system

- left-handed coordinate system

- legacy system

- lenticular-screen projection system

- life support system

- lightning protective system

- lightwave system

- Lindenmayer system

- linear system

- linear-classifier system

- linear feedback control system

- line-of-sight system

- line-sequential system

- line-sequential color television system

- lithography system

- local area augmentation system

- local battery system

- logical input/output control system

- log-structured file system

- long base-line system

- longitudinal video recording system

- long-range-accuracy radio system

- long-range search system

- Lorenz instrumental landing system

- Lotka-Volterra system

- lossless system

- lossy system

- loudspeaker system

- low-altitude detection system

- lumped-parameter system

- LVR system

- Macintosh file system

- MADA system

- maglev system

- magnetic-levitation system

- mail abuse prevention system

- major-deflection electromagnetic system

- malfunction detection system

- management information system

- management intellectual system

- man-computer system

- man-machine system

- man-machine control system

- manned control system

- manufacturing execution system

- many-level system

- many-energy-level system

- many-particle system

- marketing information system

- maser communication system

- Massachusetts general hospital utility multiprogramming system

- mass-storage system

- master/slave computer system

- matrix sound system

- mature system

- mechanical display system

- mechanical television system

- medical expert system

- message-composition system

- message handling system

- message-rate system

- message-switched communication system

- meta class system

- meta-information system

- metallization system

- meteor-burst communication system

- meteor-scatter-system

- metric system

- microcomputer system

- microcomputer-development system

- microelectromechanical system

- microelectronic system

- microprocessor-based spatial-locating system

- microprocessor-controlled system

- microprocessor delay system

- microprocessor development system

- Microsoft disk operating system

- microwave-beam power-transfer system

- microwave-hologram recording system

- microwave landing system

- microwave relay system

- middle-side system

- military expert system

- military information system

- MIMO system

- minicomputer system

- MKS system

- MKS rationalized system

- mobile telephone system

- mode-converting system

- model-based expert system

- model reference adaptive system

- modular system

- modular breadboarding system

- monitor system

- monoclinic crystal system

- monopulse tracking system

- M-S stereo system

- multi-address asynchronous communication system

- multiagent computer system

- multichannel microwave distribution system

- multicomputer system

- multienergy-level system

- multiline digital voice-response system

- multimedia authoring systems

- multiple-access discrete-address system

- multiple-input multiple-output system

- multiple-processor system

- multiple user system

- multiplex system

- multiplexed information and computing system

- multiplicative array antenna system

- multipoint video distribution system

- multipole system

- multiprocessing system

- multiprocessor system

- multitarget sputtering system

- multitrack recording system

- multiuser system

- multivariable system

- Munsell system

- mutual broadcasting system

- national information processing system

- naval communications system

- navigation system

- near-eye system

- near instantaneous companding system

- nearest-neighbor classifier system

- negative reinforcement system

- neomorphic system

- NetWare management system

- network administration system

- network basic input/output system

- network computing system

- network control system

- network data base management system

- network file system

- network operating system

- neuro-fuzzy system

- new technology file system

- nodal switching system

- noise-reducing antenna system

- noise-reduction system

- non-attended system

- non-equilibrium system

- nonlinear system

- nonlinear feedback control system

- nonredundant system

- nonrepairable system

- nonstop system

- NT file system

- number system

- numeral system

- numerical control system

- object-oriented data base management system

- office information system

- off-line system

- OLCA system

- OLCD system

- omnidirectional speaker system

- on-demand system

- on-line system

- on-line circuit-analysis system

- on-line circuit-design system

- on-line computer system

- online fault-tolerant system

- on-line processing system

- on-off system

- on-off telegraph system

- open system

- open bus system

- open-loop system

- open-tube system

- operating system

- operation system

- operational support system

- operator services system

- optical communication system

- optical data-processing system

- optical detection and ranging system

- optical disk recording system

- optical-fiber transmission system

- optical-radar system

- optical recognition system

- optical tracking system

- optical TV communication system

- optimizing control system

- optoelectronic system

- organic system

- organizational decision support system

- orthorhombic crystal system

- p-system

- PA system

- packaged system

- packetized automatic routing integrated system

- packet-switched data transmission system

- pagemaster system

- pager-phone system

- paging system

- parallel-redundant system

- parallel software system

- parametric system

- partitioned-type memory-allocation system

- passive homing system

- passive tracking system

- pattern matching system

- pattern recognition system

- peak-holdings system

- peek-a-boo system

- peripheral-oriented microcomputer system

- personal call system

- personal computer system

- personal computer disk operating system

- personal data system

- personal handy-phone system

- personal locator system

- phased-array warning system

- phase-locked system

- phase-locked loop system

- Philips DNL system

- Philips dynamic noise-limiter system

- phonetic system

- phonocard system

- photoelectric-guidance system

- photographic projection system

- photomasking system

- photovoltaic power system

- picture coding system

- picture quality system

- pilot system

- plane parallel Fabry-Perot system

- plant automation communications system

- plasma-deposition system

- PLL system

- plug-in modular system

- portable life support system

- position control system

- positive reinforcement system

- power system

- predictive system

- predictive expert system

- priority system

- privacy system

- processing system

- production system

- production expert system

- production inventory control system

- program development system

- programmable system

- programmable airline reservation system

- projection cathode-ray tube system

- projection display system

- property management system

- pseudoquadraphony system

- pseudorandom coded system

- public-address system

- public-address reinforcement system

- public expert system

- public-key system

- public-key cryptographic system

- public telephone system

- pulsed Doppler system

- pulsed FM system

- pulse-modulation system

- QS matrix system

- quadraphonic sound system

- quadruple-diversity system

- quasi-linear feedback control system

- queuing system

- quick fax system

- RADA system

- radar augmentation system

- radar braking system

- radar cross-section instrumentation system

- radar guidance system

- radar identification system

- radar imaging system

- radio command system

- radiocommunication system

- radio data system

- radio-guidance system

- radio-inertial-guidance system

- radionavigation system

- radio-relay system

- radiosonde-radio-wind system

- random-access discrete-address system

- range rate tracking system

- range tracking system

- ranging system

- rapid-scan system

- rationalized system of equations

- readout system

- real-time system

- real-time data system

- real-time expert system

- real-time multi-platform UNIX operating system

- real-time operating system

- Rebecca-Eureka system

- receiver lockout system

- recognition system

- reconfigurable system

- recording system

- recursive system

- redundant system

- reel-to-reel tape transport system

- regulating system

- reinforcement system

- relational data base management system

- relay system

- reliability index system

- remote system

- remote concentrating system

- remote file system

- remote semiconcentrating system

- remote sensing system

- reorder point system

- reorder time system

- repairable system

- reproducing system

- rerecording system

- response-controlled reinforcement system

- restorable system

- restricted connected-speech recognition system

- retrieval system

- RF sputtering system

- RGB system

- rhombohedral crystal system

- rho-theta system

- right-handed system

- right-handed coordinate system

- robot system

- robotics system

- rod memory system

- rotating coordinate system

- rule-based expert system

- run-time system

- sampled-data system

- sampling system

- satellite business system

- satellite communications system

- satellite data transmission system

- satellite multiple-access communication system

- satellite radio system

- satellite-switched multiple-access system

- scanning-projection system

- schlieren system

- scientific expert system

- Scophony television system

- searchless identification system

- second generation wireless system

- secrecy system

- secret-key cryptographic system

- self-adaptive system

- self-adjusting system

- self-contained system

- self-guidance system

- self-organizing system

- self-organizing control system

- self-organizing multiple-access discrete-address system

- self-oscillatory system

- self-structuring system

- self-test system

- self-testing system

- selsyn system

- semiactive-homing system

- semiautomatic telephone system

- sequential software system

- serial copy management system

- serial copying management system

- service provisioning system

- servo system

- ship's inertial marine navigational system

- ship's self-contained navigation system

- short-range air navigation system

- short-range Doppler system

- SI system

- signaling system

- simultaneous system

- simultaneous TV system

- single-degree-of-freedom system

- single-input single-output system

- single-sideband system

- single-track magnetic system

- singular equation system

- SISO system

- SOC system

- socio-technical system

- soft system

- soft eject system

- software system

- solar system

- sound-recording system

- sound-reinforcement system

- sound-reproducing system

- space-communication system

- space detection and tracking system

- space-variant pattern-recognition system

- speaker system

- speaker-adaptive system

- speaker-dependent system

- speaker-independent system

- speaker-recognition system

- speaker verification system

- speech-enhancement system

- speech input/output system

- speech processing system

- speech-recognition system

- speech understanding system

- spin system

- spinodal system

- split-screen system

- split-speaker system

- spread-spectrum system

- SQ matrix system

- stand-alone system

- stand-alone expert system

- stand-alone graphics system

- standard electronics assembly system

- standby power system

- standing-wave system

- stand-off target acquisition system

- star system

- start-stop system

- static system

- static ripple imaging system

- stationary-wave system

- step-and-repeat system

- step-by-step system

- stereo microphone system

- stereo sound system

- sticks layout system

- stimulus-controlled reinforcement system

- stochastic system

- storage and retrieval system

- stored-program electronic-switching system

- strapping system

- Strowger system

- structured cabling system

- structured design system

- structured software system

- structured wiring system

- submarine-cable system

- subscriber carrier system

- super anti-modulation tape system

- superconductor energy-storage system

- super video home system

- supervisory control system

- switched access system

- symbol system

- symbolic system

- symbolic interactive design system

- symmetric cryptographic system

- synchro system

- synchronous data link control system

- tactical air navigation system

- tactical communication system

- talking Rebecca-Eureka system

- tape auto-stop system

- tape operating system

- tape-transport system

- TDM system

- telecine system

- telecommunication system

- telemetering system

- telemetry system

- telemetry data processing system

- telemetry information system

- telephone system

- telephone-answering system

- telephone intercommunication system

- telephone video system

- teleprocessing system

- Teleran system

- teletypewriter switching system

- television identification system

- television relay system

- tetragonal crystal system

- text system

- thermal imaging system

- third generation wireless system

- three-phase four-wire system

- three-way speaker system

- time-division multiplex system

- time-frequency collision avoidance system

- time-invariant system

- time reference system

- time-sharing system

- time-varying system

- total access communication system

- touch system

- tracking system

- traffic-alert and collision avoidance system

- traffic control and surveillance system

- traffic control signal system

- trainable system

- trajectory-measuring system

- transaction processing system

- transcontinental communication system

- transform adaptable-processing system

- transmission system

- transmitter-receiver system

- transputer system

- triclinic crystal system

- trigger-starting system

- trigonal crystal system

- triple interlace system

- triplex system

- troposcatter system

- tropospheric radio system

- trunk -system

- tse system

- turntable drive system

- turnkey system

- two-channel sound system

- two-coordinate scanning system

- two-field interlace system

- two-phase five-wire system

- two-phase four-wire system

- two-phase three-wire system

- two-turntable quick-start system

- two-way system

- type system

- UCSD p-system

- unattended system

- underdetermined system

- underwater viewing system

- ungrounded system

- uniplexed information and computing system

- uniprocessor system

- universal battery system

- universal mobile telecommunication system

- universal serial bus system

- unmanned system

- unrestorable system

- USB system

- value system

- variable-structure system

- V-beam system

- vehicle control system

- vehicular disk reproduction system

- very early warning system

- vibrating system

- video cassette recording system

- video editing system

- video-encoding system

- videofile television record storage system

- video home system

- Videotex system

- virtual key cryptographic system

- virtual memory system

- vision system

- visual communication system

- voice/data system

- voice-frequency telegraph system

- voice operating system

- voice recognition system

- voice-response system

- wafer imaging system

- waiting system

- wave-propagating system

- Web network file system

- wide area augmentation system

- wired broadcasting system

- Wollaston-prism digital light-deflector system

- word processing system

- word recognition system

- word-serial system

- writing system

- X-window system

- x-y-z coordinate system

- system Y-

- y-system

- YIQ system

- YUV system

- Δ-system

1) система; комплекс

2) метод; способ

3) канал

4) вычислительная система

•

- access control system

1) технология; технические приёмы

2) техника; технические средства

3) технические знания; технический опыт, систематизированный технический опыт

4) техническая терминология

•

- actuation technology

1) Компьютерная техника: Data Converting System, Desktop Color System, Digital Command Signal, Distributed Computing Suite, digital cross-connect system

2) Авиация: Departure Control System, автоматизированная система контроля отправки пассажиров, Disignated Certification Specialist, double channel simplex, система управления отправками

3) Военный термин: Defence Communications System, Defense Communications System, Defense Construction Service, Defense Courier Service, Deputy Chief of Staff, Aviation, Deputy Chief of Staff, Manpower, Digital Cell Site, Director, Comptroller Systems, Division Cavalry Squadron, Dynamic Coordinate System, data collection system, data communications system, data control system, data conversion system, deputy chief of staff, design change summary, destruct command system, digital command system, digital communications system, digital control system, direction center, standby, division clearing station, drone control system, Department of Combat Support (U. S. Army Command and General Staff College)

4) Техника: Defense communications service, data conditioning system, data gathering system, deflection coil set, diagnostic control store, differential cross-section, digital access and cross connect system, digital countdown system, direct couple system, direct-current sensor, director comptroller system, document control system, double-channel-simplex, double-cotton single-silk insulation, РСУ (распределенная система управления), АСУ ТП

5) Химия: Распределенная система управления, РСУ (Distributed control systems (DCS) are used in industrial and civil engineering applications to monitor and control distributed equipment with remote human intervention.)

6) Религия: Divorce Care And Support

7) Грубое выражение: Damn Chicken Spies

8) Оптика: digital access and cross-connect systems, dual-cone scanner

9) Полиграфия: (desktop color separation) формат представления изображения, включающий четыре цветоделенных PostScript-файла в CMYK

10) Политика: Democratic Clinton Supporter

11) Телекоммуникации: Digital Cellular System, Digital Cross Connect, цифровая сотовая связь

12) Сокращение: Data Collection Site (MODS report abbreviation), Defence Communications System (USA), Defense Construction Service (Denmark), Defense Courier Service (USA), Depot Computer System, Digital Camera System, Digital Computer System, Direct Commercial Sales, Direct Connect System (transports letters from the AFCS directly to a DBCS/OSS - planned for year 2004)

13) Университет: Department Of Campus Safety

14) Электроника: Dichlorosilane, Digitally Controlled Squelch

15) Вычислительная техника: desktop color separation, digital color separation, distributed computer system, Digital Colour System (Adobe, Photoshop), Digital Cross-connect System (DEC), Defense Communications System (Mil., USA), Digital Cellular System (Mobile-Systems), Data sharing Control System (NEC), Digital Control System (NEC)

16) Нефть: display and control system, drill collars, safeguarding system and telecommunication

17) Связь: Digital Communications Standard/System

18) Фирменный знак: Diamond Computer Systems

19) Экология: система сбора данных, система сбора информации

20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: РСК (Distributed Control System), распределительная система контроля (Distributed Control System)

21) Производство: (Distributed Control System) Распределенная система управления

22) Сетевые технологии: Digital Crosspoint Switch, data communication system, distributed computing system, distributed control system, распределённая система управления, сигнал цифровой команды, система передачи данных, устройство передачи данных

23) Автоматика: diagnostic communication system, display control system

24) Телефония: Data Collaboration Server

25) Сахалин Р: Design Contract Specific, Distribution Control System

26) Сахалин А: automated drilling process control system, data. collection system

27) Химическое оружие: Data Collection Sheet

28) Авиационная медицина: decompression sickness

29) Макаров: differential cross section

30) Безопасность: Device Control String, Disaster Control Squad

31) Расширение файла: Desktop Color Separation file, Direct Coupled System, Quark Desktop Color Separation EPS file Bitmap graphics, Datafile (ACT! Activity Files)

32) Энергосистемы: (ПТК - программно-технический комплекс), распределенная система контроля

33) Нефть и газ: УБТ

34) Карачаганак: direct control system

35) Общественная организация: Downriver Community Services

36) Чат: Database Connection Services